This study investigates cross-border human trafficking in Kazakhstan by focusing on three core issues: the structural factors that enable trafficking, the effectiveness of Kazakhstan’s legal and institutional responses, and the relevance of international best practices for national reform. Using a mixed-methods approach, including statistical analysis, policy review, and a national survey, the study applies economic, enterprise, and hierarchical models to human trafficking. The findings show that despite recent legislative advances in Kazakhstan, including Law No. 110-VIII “On Combating Human Trafficking” (2024), anti-trafficking efforts are hindered by systemic corruption, limited enforcement capacity, and poor victim identification. This article argues for a coordinated, victim-centered approach grounded in international cooperation, institutional training, and data-driven governance.